when you say "families, communities" and "cultural beliefs," i think it's really important to take into account what these things actually mean in cultures that are constructed patriarchally and organized in large part around violence against women and children, whose voices are often silenced. the kind of cultural relativism that says that torture is okay if it's been practiced in a place for along time is incredibly dangerous, and such rhetoric was often used to justify slavery and the denial of the rights of women, children, and other minorities who often have no say in designing the practices used against them and their bodies.